Fun Facts & Bad Statistics

Does doing maths cause baldness?

We analysed a totally scientific dataset of 300 legendary math professors (all over 70). Result: 79.7% have a “high‑recession” hairline. Coincidence? Absolutely.

In our BaldMaths “study”, we only sampled senior math professors — the ones who have out‑survived both their students and their hair follicles. This doesn't prove maths causes baldness. It proves that with the right biased sample, you can “prove” almost any stereotype.

Hairline score distribution (biased N = 300)

We intentionally sampled only senior professors. This is a joke dataset.

Age vs hairline score in our biased sample

Correlation: 0.139 — the main effect is simply that we only sampled the old ones.

How we “proved” the bald math professor stereotype

Our dataset is simulated, not collected from real people. We generated 300 “math professors” with ages between 70 and 94 and gave each a hairline score from 0 to 2, with a very high chance of score 2.

This reproduces two things:

  • The stereotype: most legendary profs you see are old and bald.
  • The misinterpretation: people assume maths causes baldness, instead of age and genetics.

Pseudo-code

for each prof in 300:
    age ~ Uniform(70, 94)
    hairline_score ~ Biased(age)  # high chance of 2

BaldMaths loves bald and non‑bald mathematicians equally. This “study” is for fun and to show how data can be gamed.

10 stories from the history of maths

Maths fun facts

Drownings, duels, taxi numbers, and impossible proofs — maths has never been boring.

1

The Man Drowned by √2?

Legend says a Pythagorean called Hippasus discovered irrational numbers like √2 and was drowned at sea for revealing this forbidden secret.

Why it matters

It marks the moment mathematics was forced to accept quantities that are not neat fractions, pushing number theory beyond simple ratios and opening the door to real analysis.

The maths

Pythagoras' theorem says that in a right-angled triangle with legs a, b and hypotenuse c, we have a² + b² = c². If you take a unit square (sides of length 1), the diagonal has length √2 by Pythagoras. The Pythagoreans believed that all quantities could be expressed as ratios of whole numbers (rationals). Showing that √2 cannot be written as p/q with integers p, q (the standard contradiction proof) revealed the existence of irrational numbers, which deeply shocked their worldview.

history
number-theory
irrational-numbers
pythagoras
2

Cantor and Bigger Infinities

Georg Cantor proved that some infinities are larger than others, revolutionised set theory, and spent periods in mental hospitals after years of criticism and stress.

Why it matters

Modern analysis, topology and logic all rely on Cantor's set-theoretic view of infinity, so almost every advanced area of maths quietly uses ideas that were once seen as unacceptable.

The maths

Cantor distinguished between countable sets (like the integers, which can be listed as 1, 2, 3, …) and uncountable sets (like the real numbers). His diagonal argument shows that any supposed list of real numbers in [0,1] misses at least one real, so the reals are uncountable. That means |ℝ| > |ℕ| even though both are infinite. He developed transfinite cardinals like ℵ₀ (aleph-null) for the size of ℕ.

set-theory
infinity
history
cantor
3

The Dangerous Ratio

Stories say a Pythagorean who exposed a 'dangerous' irrational ratio (linked to the golden ratio) was punished by drowning for breaking the sect's perfect-numbers worldview.

Why it matters

It shows that even basic geometric ratios can challenge deep philosophical beliefs, and that accepting irrational numbers was essential for the later development of geometry and analysis.

The maths

The golden ratio φ satisfies φ = (1 + √5)/2 ≈ 1.618 and appears as the limiting ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers. In a regular pentagon, ratios of diagonals and sides give φ and involve √5, another irrational number.

geometry
irrational-numbers
golden-ratio
history
4

Fermat's 358-Year Margin Note

Fermat scribbled that he had a 'truly marvellous proof' of his last theorem that the margin was too small to contain; it took mathematicians 358 years to actually prove it.

Why it matters

The long story from Fermat to Wiles tracks the evolution of number theory and shows how a simple-looking Diophantine equation led to deep modern tools like elliptic curves and modular forms.

The maths

Fermat's Last Theorem states that for integer n ≥ 3, the equation xⁿ + yⁿ = zⁿ has no non-zero integer solutions. In the 1990s, Andrew Wiles proved it using deep tools from algebraic number theory and the theory of elliptic curves and modular forms.

number-theory
history
fermat
elliptic-curves
5

Gödel Breaks Hilbert's Dream

Gödel showed that any sufficiently powerful formal system contains true statements that cannot be proved inside it, destroying Hilbert's dream of a complete, mechanical mathematics.

Why it matters

It sets absolute limits on what formal proofs and algorithms can achieve, influencing logic, computer science, and philosophy of mathematics and knowledge.

The maths

Hilbert's program hoped to formalise all of mathematics in a consistent axiomatic system. Gödel's First Incompleteness Theorem says: in any consistent, effectively axiomatizable system capable of expressing basic arithmetic, there exists a statement G such that neither G nor ¬G is provable in the system.

logic
foundations
history
godel
6

Galois: Algebra Before a Duel

Évariste Galois invented the foundations of group theory and modern field theory, then died in a mysterious duel at 20 after spending his last night writing maths notes.

Why it matters

Galois’ work explains why some equations have formulas and others do not, and it introduced symmetry as a central organising idea in modern algebra and beyond.

The maths

Galois theory links the structure of field extensions to groups of automorphisms (Galois groups). It gives a clean criterion for when a polynomial equation can be solved by radicals, explaining why general quintic equations have no formula like the quadratic formula.

algebra
group-theory
history
galois
7

Ramanujan's 'Boring' Taxi

Hardy thought taxi number 1729 was dull; Ramanujan replied it was 'very interesting' as the smallest number expressible as a sum of two cubes in two different ways.

Why it matters

It illustrates how deep structure hides in ordinary integers and hints at the kind of number-theoretic intuition that drives research in Diophantine equations and additive number theory.

The maths

1729 is now called the first Hardy–Ramanujan number. It satisfies 1729 = 1³ + 12³ = 9³ + 10³. More generally, mathematicians study numbers that can be represented in many ways as sums of powers.

number-theory
ramanujan
history
8

Four Colors and the First Big Computer Proof

The four color theorem says any flat map can be colored with just four colors so that no neighbouring regions share a color – and its 1976 proof relied heavily on computer checking.

Why it matters

It marks a turning point where computers became essential partners in proving theorems and raised new questions about what counts as a proof.

The maths

In 1976, Appel and Haken used a computer to check thousands of reducible configurations, showing that every possible map can be reduced to one of these cases that can be colored with four colors. If no human can feasibly verify all the cases by hand, is it still a proof?

graph-theory
combinatorics
history
computers
9

The Normal-Looking World

The central limit theorem explains why so many real-world quantities – exam marks, heights, errors – end up looking like a nice bell curve even when the underlying causes are messy.

Why it matters

It justifies why normal distributions appear everywhere and underpins much of statistical inference, error analysis and data science.

The maths

If X₁, X₂, … are independent, identically distributed random variables with finite mean μ and variance σ², then the normalised sum (X₁ + … + Xₙ − nμ)/(σ√n) converges in distribution to a standard normal variable as n → ∞.

probability
statistics
theorem
10

Imaginary Numbers: From Nonsense to Engineering

Imaginary numbers were once dismissed as absurd 'impossible' quantities; now they power signal processing, quantum mechanics, control theory and the algorithms inside your phone.

Why it matters

They show how an idea that seems philosophically dubious can become a standard tool that makes modern technology possible.

The maths

The imaginary unit i is defined by i² = −1. Complex numbers a + bi extend the real numbers and form a complete field that is algebraically closed. In A-level terms, complex numbers allow us to solve equations like x² + 1 = 0 and to represent oscillations and waves compactly as exponentials.

complex-numbers
history
applications

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